Problems of Developing Countries in International Trade free essay sample

Issues of Developing Countries in International Trade Developing nations and exchange Introduction: International exchange is a significant wellspring of remote pay in practically all creating economies, these nations are alluded to as creating because of their low GDP level and they are confronted with elevated levels of neediness and joblessness, as per David Ricardo and Adam smith universal exchange assumes a urgent job in the advancement of an economy, the Mercantile hypothesis of improvement expresses that exchange prompted the abundance of country. This paper plate the different issues that the creating nations face in global exchange and their impact on the farming, modern and administration parts. A portion of these issues are outside while others are interior issue. Some outer issues remember rivalry for the worldwide market, taxes and other exchange hindrances, required quality principles. Some inner issues incorporate significant expense of creation, taxes of sources of info and  Problems looked by creating countries:There are different issues that creating nations face in universal exchange which will be talked about; this paper likewise gives potential answers for these issues of exchange. We will compose a custom exposition test on Issues of Developing Countries in International Trade or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A portion of the issues incorporate exchange obstructions, negative terms of exchange, great gauges,  Agricultural segment: A huge segment of GDP in creating nations rely upon farming, agribusiness encourages in giving food to the populace, giving business and surplus is sent out to other countries.Foreign salary exceptionally relies upon horticultural items traded and furthermore the travel industry, anyway horticulture assumes a significant job in these nations in giving work and food, there are different issues that these creating nations face in this area and they include:  Trade hindrances: High duties are forced on imports in global exchange; taxes are a wellspring of income to the administration and yet they limit the degree of imports in a nation, the agrarian part in creating nations are confronted with this issue in light of the fact that their great become increasingly xpensive in the inner market because of forced taxes. The levies will decrease the sum requested bec ause of the expansion in cost, hence the farming division is confronted with the issue of declined interest for their items, and consequently accordingly the overflow sums created isn't sent out. Bans and amounts are additionally exchange hindrances that mess up inner exchange, on account of portion the creating nations are just required to send out a specific amount to nation, this is a significant downside to the horticultural area in the creating countries.High input costs: Most creating nations import information sources, for example, compost, pesticides and oil, their expense in the inward market are typically high and a few makers can't bear the cost of these expenses, thus consequently the expense of delivering the agrarian items is normally exceptionally high making the last cost for these items to be high.Therefore the significant expense of data sources will prompt an expansion in the expense of creation, the last cost of the farming items is generally high and in this manner less serious in the interior market, hence subsequently the rural items are typically less requested in the inside market because of rivalry from increasingly effective producers.Oil is likewis e a significant contribution to creation in every single division in an economy, the creating nations by and large will import oil from created nations where costs vacillate as often as possible, and the expense of oil will prompt an increment in the expense of creation of these items prompting less serious costs in the inside market. Subsidies:Many nations finance their farming division with the end goal for them to deliver more, this has represented a significant issue to the creating nations that can't bear to sponsor its rural segment, financing of horticultural creation in formed nations result into a decrease in the expense of creation and along these lines the nation request less imports. Appropriations consequently will make issues to the agrarian part in the creating nations; this is on the grounds that the creating nations produce more at low costs that are increasingly serious in this market. Innovation and mechanization:Developing nations import innovation and apparatus from the created nations, these machines help in expanding creation and furthermore cutting down the expense of creation, anyway because of the significant expense of these machines the created nations like to utilize work serious strategies for creation because of high starting expense and furthermore upkeep costs. The need to utilize current machines and innovation underway lead to low degrees of fares and furthermore significant expenses of creation, consequently accordingly the created nations stay with the issue of underproduction and furthermore low exports.The absence of machines that help in diverting the crude materials from the horticultural areas into completed items lead to expanded weaknesses to the creating nations, most creating nations trade crude materials whose costs in the worldwide market is low, creating nations ought to along these lines begin sending out completed items from the rural segment instead of fare crude material. Some creating nations utilize hereditarily adjusted plants for creation, these items are increasingly beneficial where the time taken to develop and furthermore the creation levels.This is a test to the creating nations to receive present day innovation to expand creation and furthermore lessen expenses of creation. Absence of item assorted variety: Dev eloping nations trade roughly a similar item to the inner market, this prompts expanded rivalry and the created nations have control over them on choosing from which nation to import from, and further the created nations will set costs because of high rivalry in the worldwide market.Product expansion implies that the creating nations ought not deliver similar merchandise for sends out; they should attempt to enhance the items they sends out so as to decrease rivalry and in this manner increment the remote pay got. This ought to include the acquaintance of new items with be delivered in the farming segment that are to fulfill the need for customers abroad. Horrible terms of trade:Terms of exchange will likewise be a significant issue to the horticultural part, creating nations sends out are for the most part agrarian items and they will import hardware and oil from created nations, this represents a significant issue in the terms of exchange and this at last outcomes to exchange adjusts on the grounds that the imports have more an incentive than the fares they produce. Absence of legitimate bartering power by the creating nations lead to them experience issue in setting costs, the created nations will give their choices on the value they are happy to pay for the items and in light of the fact that the gracefully in the worldwide market for these items is high the creating nations have little command over the fare costs and the issue of terms of exchange emerges making imports costly than the fares. Obligations and equalization of trade:Due to the issue of parity of exchange and terms of exchange the creating nations are confronted with the issue of obligations, creating nations face adjusts in exchange adding to the issue of high obligation levels to back obligations, consequently along these lines the creating nations may confine imports so as to lessen the degree of obligations and in this manner less contributions to the enterprises and farming areas, hence in this manner the nation won't be in a situation to expand creation to balance the obligations prior incurred.Quality and guidelines: Developed nations and creating nations tradfe accomplices set elevated requirements for items sent out, this lead to visit restriction on items delivered in creating nations, A genuine model is the prohibition on fish imported from east Africa during Idian Amin rule, the explanation was on the grounds that the despot had all the debilitated individuals tossed into lake Victoria and subsequently it was unfortunate to import fish from the lake.From the above model obviously creating nations will boycott imports because of diff erent reasons, in the model it was apparent that most fish sent out from east Africa was tilapia, tilapia fish is a glazer and benefited from ocean weed and not meat, anyway because of the demonstration of the tyrant fish imports were prohibited for wellbeing reasons.Other items have likewise been confronted with a similar issue, model hamburger from creating nations where a specific malady episode may result into an all out boycott in the fares of these items considerably after wellbeing keeps an eye on the butchered animals. This is a significant disadvantage to the farming area. Handling and transportation: Most of the rural items necessitate that they are prepared before being devoured, the greater part of these items are short-lived and require to enter the market inside the briefest time conceivable, this requires the eveloped nation to gadget ways by which this is conceivable yet because of security reasons a few items get stale before they enter the market. Hence in this way there is a need to process these items before they are moved. The other issue is that a few items require refrigeration model blossoms, vegetables and fish and because of absence of funding to buy and keep up these machines, consequently along these lines the items are not of value on entering the market.Poor transport and correspondence organize in creating nations additionally obstructs the development of good, thus the overflow items delivered in created nations doesn't discover its way into the market coming about into less items being traded, for th

Toothpaste Market in China

The Joys and Pains of Teaching Seniors

The Joys and Pains of Teaching Seniors There is a sure mentality in secondary schools that Senior educators regularly get off simple. Regularly, their understudies finish sooner than the remainder of the school. Further, the most exceedingly awful carried on understudies have as a rule left school for good by that point. In spite of these positives, encouraging Seniors isn't generally a walk in the park. So how would we keep understudies who are experiencing Chronic Senioritis persuaded? I cannot state I have all the appropriate responses, however I can give you a few experiences that may assist you with enduring the most recent day of graduation practice without losing your brain or your understanding. Training Seniors requires an individual with a unique character. You cannot pay attention to things similarly as with Seniors on the grounds that, truly, you are managing in any event four extraordinary conditions: Non-school destined understudies who are doing fine and will graduate. They realize that by second semester they just need to pass (not exceed expectations) in your group and accordingly they don't pay attention to it. Note: If you show a non-required elective, this is even worse.College-bound understudies who by their subsequent semester have just been acknowledged to their University and realize that it is VERY uncommon that understudies will be dismissed dependent on their last semester grades except if they fail.Students who are at risk for not graduating and are doing all that they can to remain above water and make that grade that will give them the required GPA.Students who get no opportunity of graduating on schedule. These can be separated into two subcategories: those that will take the necessary summer courses to graduate and those that wont. Further, the ones who wont are frequently under the bogus impression that by one way or another a wonder will occur and they will be permitted to graduate. (Whats extremely dismal is that numerous schools permit these people to really stroll over the stage - just not get a confirmation. Why cant we show our understudies the brutal truth of their poor choices? They will learn them soon enough - so arent we doing them an insult by not helping them get the hang of methods for dealing with stress now? In any case, that is another article for one more day.) So all things considered, you can likely observe that your best and normal understudies are typically not keen on giving it their everything. The main individuals despite everything keen on buckling down are the individuals who either do or dont get an opportunity to graduate on schedule. What's more, they are generally keen on getting work in that will raise their evaluations. What to do? You can decide to surrender for the last semester and simply show films - approximately dependent on your subject. You can keep instructing as continually trusting they will settle down and return to the manner in which they were first semester. Or then again you can change what you are doing and incorporate enthusiasm building exercises that could really bring about some reasoning and learning. Thoughts for Interest Building Activities: Have the whole Senior class chip away at a task that comes full circle close to the year's end. In my school, we generally had a Mock Legislature. Children invested energy composing bills and afterward for two days, the bills experienced advisory groups. In the event that they endured the House boards of trustees, at that point they needed to go to the Senate advisory groups. In the event that they made it out of their, they needed to go to the whole House and Senate. In the event that they made it out of that, the Governor would decide whether it was a commendable bill and either sign or veto it. Obviously, the opposition for the top spots (advisory group seats, Speaker, Governor, and so on.) would be publicized and understudies would need to apply and turn in resumes. and so on. This kept children persuaded and keen on coming to class. Keep study hall discusses Go down to Grade School. The most peculiar thing occurs with last semester Seniors. They are anxious to leave however they are likewise (subtly) scared of departing the security of High School. Consequently, they appear to truly appreciate exercises in class that require fine art, reordering, testing, in any event, shading. Make them curricularly-solid - they will appreciate it. Encourage them about what they can expect in College. Invest a little energy conversing with them about school and about how to succeed. Train them note-taking abilities. Give them access on certain realities - like that it is so essential to make sense of every teacher toward the start of a course to realize how best to turn in work that they will appreciate. Assist them with making objectives. There is no more prominent blessing that you can give them giving understudies a guide to causing their fantasies to become reality. Play instructive games. Some reenactment games give understudies wiht a genuine profundity of comprehension. Associate has an amazing line up of reproductions all through the educational program. Despite the fact that something may be recorded with respect to Middle School, it can in any case be utilized in the upper evaluation. At long last, rousing Seniors is increasingly about changing your instructing style to keep their advantage. This isn't state that you must be a performer yet in the event that you need to make the most recent long periods of school charming every year, attempt at least one of these techniques and see what occurs. Good Luck!

Is Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain Research Paper

Is Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain - Research Paper Example Concerning drugs like pot and heroin, their atoms have a comparable structure to synapses, and along these lines they initiate nerve cells so as to frame even hurtful synaptic associations just as send unusual messages. Cocaine and methamphetamine, then again, would cause the overproduction of neutransmitters like dopamine, which inevitably â€Å"shuts off† synaptic correspondence or the motioning among neurons and changes the brain’s reward framework (â€Å"Drug Facts,† 2011). As the habit proceeds, it is getting increasingly hard to bring the dopamine level to typical so as to deliver the equivalent fulfilling or fulfilling feeling, in this way increasingly more measure of medications is expected to accomplish this. Another impact of illicit drug use on the cerebrum is adjusting glutamate, which is really connected with the brain’s reward framework and intellectual capacity. Long haul misuse, along these lines, may weaken the glutamate and subsequently i nfluence judgment, learning, memory, conduct control, and dynamic exercises of the medication junkie (â€Å"Drug Facts,† 2011). ... tion isn't a cerebrum illness on account of two reasons: First, â€Å"the changes in the mind which [those who are on the contrary side of the issue] show us are not unusual at all,† and second, â€Å"there is no proof that the conduct of addicts is urgent [or involuntary† (â€Å"Addiction is NOT,† 2012). For the principal reason, the individuals who accept that illicit drug use is a malady frequently call attention to mind pictures of neuroadaptations and an entirely unexpected prefrontal cortex that both outcome from a redundant admission of medications. As per creators of Clean Slate, this isn't unusual at all on the grounds that any person can adjust the synaptic pathways of his cerebrum basically through steady practice, and the creators call attention to Begley and Jeffrey Schwartz, who both composed The Mind and The Brain. The two writers brought up in their book that the examined pictures of both experienced and unpracticed cab drivers in London are not t he equivalent regarding the prefrontal cortex, yet this doesn't really imply that drivers who don't know a significant part of the city would have a psychological malady. The fact is that â€Å"these mind changes don’t should be welcomed on by introduction to chemicals,† and since there is no physiologic glitch and that there are no pathologically influenced parts, at that point the creator of Clean Slate battles that chronic drug use isn't an illness (â€Å"Addiction is NOT,† 2012). Actually, the previously mentioned guarantee is fairly upheld by Satel and Lilienfeld (2007), who state, â€Å"In the days between gorges, cocaine addicts settle on numerous [normal everyday] choices that have nothing to do with tranquilize seeking.† However, in spite of the fact that it bodes well that medication addicts don't act like medication addicts constantly, it is fundamentally something very similar with AIDS patients since these individuals can

Writing a Great Research Paper - Research Assistants

Writing a Great Research Paper - Research AssistantsWriting a great research paper can be an exhausting and difficult task. It is therefore important to have a good research assistant who will help you with the majority of your writing.Most research assistants are not hired out to write a research paper for their professor. In fact, most research assistants are not even real students. Their job is to act as a sounding board, a sounding board to whom you can share your thoughts, ideas and discoveries.This is why so many people who write great research papers hire such great assistants to aid them in the writing process. They want to make sure that they are getting some of the best ideas from the brilliant minds in the field.I know many people who have written fantastic research papers for their professors who did not have the time or resources to assist them in the writing process. For example, one of my professors believed that the quality of writing was quite important in determinin g whether the paper would pass peer review.Another reason that I believe that I am among the many people who have written fantastic research papers that have passed peer review is because of the assistance that I have received from excellent research assistants. These individuals not only read my drafts and give me feedback, but also give me suggestions, insights and input that help me perfect my research proposal.If you are looking for a great research assistant, the best resource for this service would be a source that specializes in researching top researchers and their assistants. These individuals are usually very busy, but they will help you get the research experience that you require.When you are trying to find such research assistants, make sure that you ask them if they do peer review or what their experience has been. You should also check to see if they are familiar with the top academic advisors.When you look for an assistant who is willing to give up their own lives to write a great research paper for you, make sure that you check to see if they have had any publications and what their work ethic is like. If they have none, then you may want to avoid hiring them.

Powerful Propositions Using Persuasive Essay Samples

Powerful Propositions Using Persuasive Essay SamplesYou may be wondering where you can find the persuasive essay samples. If you really want to learn how to write persuasive essays, you can ask your professor or take a class with someone who is good at writing an essay. This is a good idea, but it might not be very practical for you since you don't have a professor or class with you all the time.The best way to get hold of the persuasive essay samples you need is to search online. You can visit websites that offer these samples in different versions and formats. You can get the powerful presentation you need by using these samples in your own writing.Sometimes, people forget to use a persuasive essay when they are writing an essay. The persuasive essay sample lets you know exactly what you need to do to convince your reader to understand what you are trying to say. In fact, the essay sample will be quite helpful if you just need to persuade one person to agree with you. It will work well with any persuasion method you want to use.If you want to write a persuasive essay that is effective in convincing others to do what you want them to do, you should consider using these persuasive essay samples. They will help you develop strong persuasive statements and also make it easier for you to come up with your own persuasive statements. Just one other advantage is that the persuasive essay samples will help you produce your own persuasive arguments without having to spend too much time or spending too much money on doing it yourself. You can do it all by using these samples.First, you can use the persuasive essay samples in your writing. The persuasive essay samples are available in different formats. One format includes the first paragraph. Then, you can choose the next paragraph and so on until you reach the last paragraph. This is very helpful if you want to use this as your introduction or closing statement.Second, if you want to write a persuasive essay that is ef fective in persuading others to agree with you, you should try to use the persuasive essay samples. The persuasive essay samples will help you develop strong persuasive statements and also make it easier for you to come up with your own persuasive statements. You can use the persuasive essay samples as a guide on how to make persuasive statements. You can even use these samples in your own writing.Third, if you want to use the persuasive essay samples as a guide on how to make persuasive statements, you should try to use the persuasive essay samples. The persuasive essay samples will help you develop strong persuasive statements and also make it easier for you to come up with your own persuasive statements. You can use the persuasive essay samples as a guide on how to make persuasive statements. You can even use these samples in your own writing.Finally, if you want to use the persuasive essay samples as a guide on how to make persuasive statements, you should try to use the persuas ive essay samples. The persuasive essay samples will help you develop strong persuasive statements and also make it easier for you to come up with your own persuasive statements. You can use the persuasive essay samples as a guide on how to make persuasive statements.

Articles Review International Business - 275 Words

Articles Review: International Business (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Professor:Course:Date:Articles Review- International BusinessUnited States has enjoyed a fair share of the title of number one economy in the world but recently China has been reported to take over the title from them. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), China is projected to produce 17.6 trillion dollars worth of goods and services compared to the significantly lower 17.4 trillion to be produced by U.S. (Fox, 2014). The rise to the top position is worth noting because more than a decade ago the United States produced three times as much as Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬according to Dow Jones Market Watch.This article is relevant to international business because it sheds light into foreign exchange. Specifically, the article focuses on the scales used to measure the economy of countries. China has been seen to rise through almost fourteen years. From the rise into power, China is compared to U.S. in terms of purchasing power parity, currency and GDP per head. These three factors have been taken into consideration in the classification and ranking of the two countries. The ranking strategy is not only used for the two but is an international business convention.Similarly, from the ports of Long Beach Island it is evident that global connection is on its conception. This is because apart from China, the U.S would be connected to the vast Latin American coasts through the port on long Beach. Globalizing the U.S port will means an increased level of trade between the countries. Other than airports and road-which are used for exchange internationally, ports will reduce traffic in almost all the mediums of transport. In the same way the NAFTA projects article show that the company international relations may be on the decrease. It is a company looking to expand its resources. This means that the market share strategies and stocks for international expansion. As an international business strategy for NAFTA increasing its market scope.The articl e on the sales of chicken in South Africa is profoundly international. Using foreign exchanges of perishable products requires discipline and resources. South Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s trade with meat chicken is said to employ almost three percent of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s population (Roth, 2015). International business requires relations and compromises on some parts. The article explain the rejection of South Africa to American poultry. The concern is that South Africa, although trading with the United States in wines and auto mobiles, South Africa is rejecting meat poultry as the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s export. It is concern in international business because United States has extended several trading exceptions to Africa. The move on South Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s part seems to be justified because of the increased poultry in the country. However, the United States is insulted by the rejection there could be implications on the foreign exchange between these countries.Since China and United Sta tes have different currencies, a common currency is used to compare the two. International business deals with foreign exchange. Forex compares the strength of different currencies against others. Thus in the presentation of data relevant to the IMF, the use of a common denominator is important. Although there are several ways for conversion, international conventions dictate ways to manage the results. The articleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s focus on international currency comparison is relevant to international business. It gives an understanding of common ground used to determine and set goal of competition on an international-country scale.Understanding the purchasing power parity is important in analyzing data from different countries. The article reports that the purchasing power of U.S. dollar has maintained its strength. Comparing different world currencies to the purchasing values compared to other currencies puts the U.S. dollar lower than China. However, on the basis of per head analysis , China has people earning less than America, on the basis of w...

Social Justice and Civil Equality Martin Luther King and...

Social Justice and Civil Equality In the pursuit of social justice and civil rights, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Stokely Carmichael, sought to amend a flawed system. To accomplish this task, these men entered the armory and chose to wield nonviolence as their weapon. Their goal: to combat violence with nonviolence, to fight hate with love, and to spread equality through peace. In the end they succeeded. Violence breeds violence, hate breeds hate, it is an ineffective approach and an archaic mean to resolving societies issues. Malcolm X and Carmichael were both extreme individuals but that does not make them violent. They attacked social justice and civil rights passionately and assertively, not violently. The methods used†¦show more content†¦By stating the African American communities â€Å"impatience† as legitimate and unavoidable King pressures those reading to become immediately and directly concerned with issues of social justice and civil rights. 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SEC440 Week 7 Essay - 1041 Words

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The Role Of Women Throughout The Play A Major Theme

The role of women within the plays of Euripides in a major theme. In most of the plays women are seen as week and unable to fend for themselves. It is plausible to say that Euripides would identify as the modern term of a feminist. These women depicted have unequal status to men and are submissive. In the case of Medea, these stereotypical roles of women are challenged. Because Jason betrays Medea, she begins wandering about the different treatment of man and woman. Medea ignores these roles that women have and acts on her own ideals. Through viewing the thoughts and actions of Medea, one can see just how Euripides challenges the role of women. The first role of women that is displayed through the plays of Euripides is their submissiveness. This most often occurs in the plays of Hecabe and Trojan Women. The women depicted seem week and unable to fend for themselves. More specifically, the women in these plays seem more accepting of their fates. Lift thy head, unhappy lady, from the ground; thy neck upraise; this is Troy no more, no longer am I queen in Ilium. Though fortune change, endure thy lot; sail with the stream, and follow fortune s tack, steer not thy barque of life against the tide, since chance must guide thy course Through this quote Hecabe shows how she has given up on the world. She has lost everything and now is accepting her fate. This can be said for the rest of the Trojan women as well. These women now becoming slaves must endure hardships byShow MoreRelatedSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1358 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Glaspell. The one act play depicts the conflict surrounding the murder of John Wright and his wife’s, Minnie Wright’s, involvement in his strangulation. While this drama appears to tell the simple tale of a murder investigation, Glaspell intertwines her feminist views into the plot. The male and female characters’ investigations of John Wright’s death reveal a deeper meaning. 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Role of Women in Vietnam Essay Sample free essay sample

The function of adult females is an of import portion of household life and society. as women– to cite president Mao– â€Å"are transporting half the Heaven† . The altering function of Vietnamese adult females through the historical ages has been a survey in the meeting of many civilizations: lndigenous Vietnamese civilization. Chinese civilisation. Gallic and other Western influences. These influences still leave traces at the present clip. whether inside Vietnam or among the Vietnamese diaspora outside Vietnam. In Vietnamese history. there are two great ladies known as. the Trung ladies. who threw out the Chinese colonial masters and won independency for Vietnam in 40-43 A. D. . or the Lady Trieu ( 249A. D. ) who besides fought the Chinese. or the revolutionists Co Giang and Co Bac who were active against the Gallic. even though these heroines might give us the intimation at the function of Vietnamese adult females in public life which antedated the motion for equal rights for adult females in the modern universe. Rather. we are concerned here with the economic and societal function and legal position of the â€Å"ordinary† Vietnamese adult females throughout history. in Vietnam every bit good as abroad. We have found that there is a Cardinal THEME in the odyssey of Vietnamese adult females: official moral regulations might hold been advocated and province Torahs might hold been promulgated to enforce inequality on adult females. but THE REAL POPULAR CUSTOMS. nourished by the reality-imposed maps of adult females. HAVE CONSISTENTLY SUPPORTED AN EQUAL ROLE FOR VIETNAMESE WOMEN. THUS DEFEATING THE MAN-INSPIRED STEREOTYPES. AND THE LAW EVENTUALLY HAS ALSO TO ADAPT TO THIS EGALITARIAN DRIVE AND GRANTED EQUAL STATUS TO WOMEN. 1. THE VIETNAMESE WOMAN IN TRADITIONAL VIETNAM: INDIGENEOUS AND CHINESE FAMILY VALUES Traditional Vietnam was dominated by Chinese civilization. with the Confucian moral regulations of three bonds ( tam cA?A–ng ) and three dependences ( tam tA?ng ) : the three bonds being the ( I ) the subject’s trueness to the emperor. ( two ) the children’s piousness toward their parents. ( three ) the wife’s obeisance to her hubby ; and the three dependences being the woman’s responsibility to follow her male parent when immature. her hubby when married and her boies when a widow. This unequal intervention of adult females in morality was translated into a lower position for the married woman in the jurisprudence. Many discourtesies committed by the married woman against the hubby were punished with the same badness as discourtesies committed by kids or grandchildren against parents or grandparents. Some actions were considered condemnable merely when taken by the married woman but non when by the hubby ( for illustration: whipping married woman without injuring ) . The hubby might one-sidedly disown his married woman for one of the seven grounds ( thA?t xuA?t ) such as childlessness or green-eyed monster. But the above lesson or legal ideals–no uncertainty inspired by a male-dominated government–had to do grants to the importance of the Vietnamese women’s function in world. They participated in productive labour and likely outperformed work forces in this function. as the work forces were busy contending so many wars in our history or busy analyzing for the classical scrutinies to come in the bureaucratism. In common people verse forms. we see the active function of the Vietnamese females in agribusiness and finance. Because of the world of the Vietnamese women’s function in the economic system. even the Torahs of the emperors had to give them equality in civil rights. In the country of personal right. LA? dynasty Torahs required the married woman and the hubby to love and esteem each other and would bump a hubby who neglected or abandoned his married woman. The married woman could besides take enterprise to inquire for a divorce on several evidences unknown to China ( for illustration. the hubby neglected to see her personally for five months ) . Even more of import are the Vietnamese women’s belongings rights. something the Chinese adult females did non hold. China’s traditional jurisprudence codifications mentioned nil about the daughters’ sequence rights. the LA? dynasty jurisprudence specifically stated that brothers and sisters should every bit in the sequence of the parents’ estate. Equality in heritage led logically to equality in the direction and colon y of the marital estate. During the life clip of the partners. the married woman participated in all belongings minutess affecting the common belongings acquired during matrimony or brought to it by her. When a married woman became a widow with kids. she would go on administrating. as household caput. the household estate even after remarriage and might even strip the bad kids of familial belongingss. In instance of no kids. the widow would bask the equal rights given to the widowman: retreating the belongings her kin had contributed to the matrimony and half of the belongings acquired during matrimony ; and basking the usage of a part of her late husband’s belongings until remarriage. This LA? dynasty tradition became such a strong customary regulation that the ulterior NguyA?n dynasty’s jurisprudence was non followed by the people because it incorporated the Chinese regulation that a remarried widow lost power over the household belongings. This Vietnamese regulation was besides more advanced than the Anglo-American common jurisprudence regulation of the nineteenth Century on the wife’s belongings: â€Å"The hubby. by matrimony. acquires absolute rubric to all the personal belongings of the married woman. These go his belongings. † ( The Law of Baron and Femme. New Haven. 1816 ) . I I. -THE VIETNAMESE WOMAN IN MODERN VIETNAM: French AND SOCIALIST INFLUENCES A. UNDER THE FRENCH AND UP TO 1959. After the Gallic came at the terminal of the nineteenth century to colonise Vietnam. they foremost applied the jurisprudence of the Nguyen or last dynasty and subsequently promulgated new codifications of jurisprudence. patterned harmonizing to the Napoleon codification. Again. we see the tenseness between the limitations the authorities Torahs imposed on the position and function of adult females and the continued societal thrust toward equality for them in world. The Gallic tribunals of jurisprudence applied the Nguyen Code which was a transcript of the Ch’ing Dynasty Code in China. Therefore. Vietnamese adult females suffered a setoff in their position because the tribunals still recognized the husband’s right to disown his married woman until 1926. and besides merely intermittently recognized. and frequently denied. the wife’s right to her separate belongings and her portion in the community belongings. In the 1930?s. when the new civil codifications were promulgated in North and Central Vietnam. the married woman had some direction function over the community belongings. but when she died or remarried. she had less rights than under the traditional Le jurisprudence or usage: if she died. her hubby became the exclusive proprietor of all belongingss including the separate belongings part brought in by the married woman ; if she became a widow and remarried. she lost all her right to the husband’s separate belongin gs and could take half the common belongings merely if there was no kids. Furthermore. under colonial Torahs. the impression of legal incapacity of the married adult female was another measure backward: she had to obey the husband’s authorization. remain at whatever domicile chosen by the hubby. allow him stand for her in all personal businesss. and acquire his permission to prosecute in a profession. a trade or a separate concern ; she could action merely with his mandate and could give. sell. mortgage and accept belongings merely with his engagement. However. the usage of equality for the adult female was still the uncontrollable inclination in Vietnamese society under the Gallic. Even the colonial jurisprudence codifications said she had legal capacity to perpetrate her hubby on family affairs: this is a direct impact of her function as ‘Minister of Interior† . In pattern. usage still conformed to the Le dynasty tradition of necessitating the wife’s signature in belongings disposal and allowing her to retreat her separate belongings upon divorce or her husband’s decease. This was due to the of import economic function of adult females in agribusiness. commercialism and other businesss. In the urban countries. particularly since the 1930?s. there was a feminist motion demanding emancipation of the adult females from the yoke of the drawn-out household. particularly the mother-in-law. their freedom of matrimony ( alternatively of ordered nuptials ) . their instruction and engagement in new callings on an equal terms with men– in concern. jurisprudence. medical specialty. pharmaceutics. news media. literature and humanistic disciplines. A new literary school of idea ( Tu Luc Van Doan ) devoted itself to the release of adult females. B. THE NEW EQUALITY FOR WOMEN IN VIETNAM FROM 1959 ON. In 1954?‘ . Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam. In the South. the women’s thrust toward equality emerged with a retribution with the abetment of the alleged Dragon Lady. Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu. who was instrumental in holding the new Family Law adopted by the National Assembly. Under this jurisprudence. the hubby and the married woman jointly owned and managed all belongingss ; the jurisprudence permitted even the married woman to attach the wage of the partner in the custodies of 3rd parties ; even more singular. the woman’s personal rights were pushed far: censoring divorce ( unless authorized by the President of the Republic! ) . penalizing criminal conversation as a offense. and even punishing the mere close relationship with a member of the opposite sex ( giao du than mat ) . Both married woman and hubby chose the matrimonial legal residence. Most significantly. the married woman had full legal capacity and might hold her ain calling. Polygamy was abolished. This Family jurisprudence was abolished after the 1963 pu tsch d’ etat. but the 1964 Family Law and the 1972 Civil Code continued the tendency already established toward equality. although they repealed some utmost steps of the 1959 Law ( such as censoring divorce. criminalizing close relationship ) In North Vietnam. another Family Law of 1959 besides confirmed equality between adult male and married woman: monogamousness. joint belongings ownership. the wife’s right to take her ain calling and prosecute in political activity. In divorce. the belongings would be divided in proportion to labour part. Some people still consider work forces better than adult females and there are more work forces than adult females in top occupations of the authorities and the Party. However. usage and jurisprudence recognize the of import economic and societal function of adult females in agribusiness. industry. wellness. instruction and even in war-related activities ( such as route edifice and transit ) . Women besides participated in elections. in bureaucratism and in Communist Party personal businesss. The above rules of equality do non alter with the new Family Law of 1986 in incorporate Vietnam. It is singular that even the 1986 Family Law of Vietnam’s Communist government spec ifies the continuation of Chinese/Confucian and Vietnamese customary household values. such as the commissariats that partners have to esteem and love each other. and kids and grandchildren have the responsibility to esteem and back up parents and grandparents. which were besides the demands of the moral codification and the legal codification of the Le Dynasty. for illustration. Summary Throughout the history of Vietnam. traveling manner back to 2879 BC about 5 milleniums ago – work forces have been the more dominant of the two. In Vietnamese civilization. work forces are the 1s who work and provide for the household whilst adult females be given for the household by agencies of cooking. cleansing and looking after the household. Though non much has changed for the functions. adult females are get downing to presume higher paid occupations and the figure is lifting by the 2nd. However. for many households – both hubby and married woman work in order to feed their households – this is due to pecuniary issues. There is no uncertainty that as Vietnam’s economic system charges frontward. more adult females will take the chances created by the economic roar. However. more than 70 % of Vietnamese still live in rural countries – which are much much poorer and less opportuned than in the metropoliss. Peoples in the metropoliss are more educated by and large. though migrators flock from the rural countries seeking occupations. As such. more people are sharing in Vietnam’s economic roar – which is supplying good times for the young person of Vietnam. The teenage coevals is now up to day of the month with engineering: ccell ( nomadic ) phones. the personal computer and much more. But basically the functions of both work forces and adult females have non changed. Work force are the suppliers and adult females are the carers. It seems though this tendency is get downing to decrease.

Ancient history Cartimandua

Question: Discuss about the Ancient history for Cartimandua. Answer: Introduction Cartimandua was the female ruler of a tribe called Brigantes during the time of a Roman emperors organized conquest of Britain. Cartimandua was considered to be a strong ally to the Roman Empire and was described as the queen of the Brigantes in the Annals by the Roman historian named Tacitus. There has been the record of a few number of female leaders in the Roman empire, who were as fierce and strong as Cartimandua. Cartimandua plays a significant role in the capture of Britain by the Romans and hence was known as a strong ally to the Roman empire. The report analyzes the portrayal of Cartimandua in the ancient history and modern perspective based on a number of factors (Highham, 2013). Ancient history analysis In the ancient history, Cartimandua has been described in a negative role due to her personality. As she was loyal to the Roman Empire, she betrayed Caratacus, a British resistance leader, which in turn led to his capture. Caratacus initially sought the protection from Cartimandua, before being betrayed by her. She has been portrayed as an anti-social character in the Roman history due to a large number of negative activities of which she was a part of. She was criticized heavily for her self-indulgence in sexual impropriety of rejecting her husband for a common soldier (Hanson, 2012). She has been defined to be a bad person in the ancient history also because of her betrayal to all of her relatives. Cartimandua seized her brother and relatives to have the full control of the tribe and to support the Roman empire. She betrayed and divorced her husband to replace him with the common soldier named Vellocatus, who was the armor-bearer of Venutius. So all the ancient history mentions of Cartimandua by Tacitus is evil and anti-social (Haselgrove, 2015). Modern perspective analysis Even if Cartimandua has been portrayed in a bad manner in the ancient history, she has been described as a strong and formidable leader in a number of modern perspective version of the Roman history. For example, Barbara Erskine describes Cartimandua as a young princess who went through a lot of twist and turns along with a number of tragedies to become one of the strongest queens in the Roman history. Barbara Erskine wrote a novel named, Daughters of Fire and portrayed Cartimandua as a strong and independent lady, who carved out a success path for herself through a war between Rome and Britain along with a society dominated by the males. She has been portrayed as a feminist and a role model for the display of her courage and her determination to be victorious in all wars fought (Hartley, 2013). George Shipway also described Cartimandua as one of the most important character in his novel Imperial governor, which is based on the success of a Roman general, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus who overcame a number of revolts to maintain the strength of the Roman Empire. Cartimandua has been portrayed as the ally and lover of the Roman general, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and has been considered to have an important role in the success of the Roman general (Pham, 2014). In almost all of the modern novels, Cartimandua has been portrayed as a shining example of feminism and women empowerment during the Roman Empires quest to capture Britain. She has been compared with other strong female leaders like Boudicca, who was known to be the queen of the Iceni tribe. Conclusion Though both the ancient history and books describe Cartimandua as a fierce leader and also the queen of the Brigantes tribe. The ancient history stresses on her character, whereas the modern depictions describe her achievements. The ancient history portrays Cartimandua portrays her as very self-indulged, greedy and power-hungry. The modern depictions however have described the queen as a strong and formidable leader, who faced many tragedies to find success in a male-dominated society (Arch, 2015). References Arch, D., 2015. The Star Crossed Queen. Hanson, W., 2012. Britain, Roman conquest of (4396). The Encyclopedia of War. Hartley, B.R., 2013. Some problems of the Roman military occupation of the north of England. Northern History. Haselgrove, C., 2015. Cartimandua's capital? The late Iron Age royal site at Stanwick, North Yorkshire; fieldwork and analysis 19812011. Highham, N.J., 2013. Brigantia revisited. Northern History. Pham, M.V., 2014. Hadrian's Wall: A Study in Function.

Sweeteners Essays - Sugar Substitutes, Saccharin, Sweetness, Sucrose

Sweeteners annon Saccharin is an organic petroleum-based compound that is three to five hundred times sweeter than sucrose. It is non-nutritive because the human body is unable to metabolize the foreign chemical. Saccharin does not contribute calories; for this reason it is commonly used in diet foods. The obese [feel] that saccharin is their lifeline to slimdom, and diabetics [claim] it is essential to control their blood sugar (Brody 482). The same people who consume saccharin certainly would not knowingly eat something that is classified as toxic waste; however, they do it on a daily basis. Saccharin's alias is EPA Hazardous Waste number U202. In fact, workers who handle saccharin are cautioned, EXERCISE DUE CARE. AVOID CONTACT WITH EYES, SKIN, CLOTHING. WASH THOROUGHLY AFTER HANDLING. IF SWALLOWED, IF CONCIOUS, IMMEDIATELY INDUCE VOMITING (MSDS). Saccharin has always been surrounded by controversy. As early as 1907, the public was concerned over its safety and proposed banning it. Theodore Roosevelt, a diabetic, fought the idea. He said, My doctor gives it to me every day...Anybody who says saccharin is injurious to health is an idiot(Corcoran 12). Saccharin survived the onslaught for another forty years. It wasn't until the bittersweet chemical hit the mainstream consumer market in such things as diet sodas, pharmaceuticals, and chewing gum that it came under fire again. Scientists suggested that saccharin might be a carcinogen in 1951. In 1958, however, saccharin was added to the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list, another paradox. In 1972, the results of a long-term study showed that rats fed saccharin had developed bladder tumors. Subsequently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed saccharin from GRAS status and issued a regulation limiting the use of saccharin in foods. Then in 1974, a National Academy of Science review found that, Saccharin itself could not be identified as the cause of the tumors because of possible impurities as well as problems with experimental design and procedures (Kennedy 131). Therefore, the FDA decided not to ban saccharin until they received the results of a study being conducted in Canada. In March 1977, the Canadian study showed that feeding large doses of saccharin to pregnant rats and their weanlings produced bladder cancers in the male offspring. The Canadians immediately banned saccharin. When the FDA announced its intentions to follow suit, public outcry led to a Congressionally voted eighteen-month moratorium. The American people wanted more time to evaluate the results of the study. Shortly thereafter, Congress enacted the Saccharin Study and Labeling Act, which stayed the FDA's hand temporarily and ordered a warning label on all saccharin products: Use of this product may be hazardous to your health. This product contains saccharin which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals (Brody 482-483). Nonetheless, the moratorium has continually been extended until the present day. During 1978 and 1979, the National Cancer Institute and FDA conducted a population-based study on the possible role of saccharin in causing bladder cancer in humans. In general, people in the study who used an artificial sweetener had no greater risk of bladder cancer than the population as a whole. However, when only the data for heavy users was examined, there was some suggestive evidence of an increased risk, particularly in persons who consumed both diet drinks and sugar substitutes and who used at least one of these two forms heavily (Carcinogenicity). In the study, heavy use was defined as merely six or more servings of sugar substitute or two or more 8-ounce servings of diet drink daily. Consequently, several studies have found that people with bladder cancer were more likely to have eaten food that contained saccharin than were people who didn't have bladder cancer. The National Cancer Institute compared the diets of 5,800 similar people who were disease-free to the diets of 3,000 men and women with bladder cancer. Those who reported consuming high levels of saccharin on a daily basis were found to be at a higher risk for association to poorly differentiated bladder tumors (Corcoran 13). Saccharine is the most widely used sugar substitute in the world, and yet we still do not fully understand its effects on the human body. Drinking one can of diet soda per day can increase the risk of bladder cancer by sixty percent (Goulhart). The fact that it has never been conclusively proven to cause cancer in humans does not make saccharin safe. A dollar's worth of saccharin will do the sweetening of twenty dollar's worth of sugar; for this reason, the FDA will not decisively ban the chemical sweetener. They are waiting for the results of the ultimate human test that has been taking place

Earthquakes essays

Earthquakes essays The earth we live on consists of the ocean, and the continents. Below the ocean and continents we have the earths crust, which can very in length for miles. Under the earths crust we encounter small breaks in the earth, which is caused by the slow movement of mantle. With this movement we find the plates of the continent breaking apart and causing earthquakes (Nicholls, Bill 2). The earths mantle roughly extends about 1,798 miles. The density of the mantle changes because of pressure and heat. The further down the mantle is the more pressure and heat we encounter (Nicholls, Bill 1). The worlds lithosphere covers the entire earth (outer shell) and can be broken in many places to form what is called plates. These continental and oceanic plates are constantly moving and they never stop. With the concurrent movement of our lithosphere many mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes will be created because of these plates (Spall, Henry 1). Oceanic plates can also cause earthquakes. Although it seems odd we encounter earthquakes, under water they still occur. Small narrow ridges within the seafloor are cracking because the crust is in constant motion, and with constant motion the oceanic crust is breaking away. Volcanic eruptions from the earths mantle will eventually fill these cracks and form a replaceable crust (Spall, Henry 1). Below the earths crust we have what is called a magnetic field, which is created by the solid form of basaltic. Basaltic is a magnetized material that has reversed the earths polarity 170 different times within the last 80 million years. With the magnetic field being in occurrence this can aid plate tectonics into an earthquake (Spall, Henry 2). In our world we have what is called major crustal plates we now know that there are seven major crystal plates, subdivided into a number of smaller plates (Spall, Henry 2). The small plates are ab...

A Profile of Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes

A Profile of Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes Eratosthenes (c.276-194 B.C.), a mathematician, is known for his mathematical calculations and geometry. Eratosthenes was called Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he was never first, but he is more famous than his Alpha teachers because his discoveries are still used today. Chief among these are the calculation of the circumference of the earth (note: the Greeks did know the earth was spherical) and the development of a mathematical sieve named after him. He made a calendar with leap years, a 675-star catalog, and maps. He recognized the Niles source was a lake, and that rains in the lake region caused the Nile to flood. Eratosthenes - Life and Career Facts Eratosthenes was the third librarian at the famous Library of Alexandria. He studied under the Stoic philosopher Zeno, Ariston, Lysanias, and the poet-philosopher Callimachus. Eratosthenes wrote a Geographica based on his calculations of the circumference of the earth. Eratosthenes is reported to have starved himself to death at Alexandria in 194 B.C. Writing of Eratosthenes Much of what Eratosthenes wrote is now lost, including a geometrical treatise, On Means, and one on the mathematics behind Platos philosophy, Platonicus. He also wrote the fundamentals of astronomy in a poem called Hermes. His most famous calculation, in the now lost treatise On the Measurement of the Earth, explains how he compared the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon in two places, Alexandria and Syene. Eratosthenes Calculates the Circumference of the Earth By comparing the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon at Alexandria and Syene, and knowing the distance between the two, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth.The sun shone directly into a well at Syene at noon. At Alexandria, the angle of inclination of the sun was about 7 degrees. With this information, and knowing that Syene was 787 km due south of Alexandrian  Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth to be 250,000 stadia (about 24,662 miles).

Planet of the Apes Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planet of the Apes - Coursework Example These fossils suggest that two Eurasian ape lineages, the Siyapithecus and the Dryopithecus, are the ancestors of great apes and humans. The Siyapithecus are the presumably the forebears of the orangutan. The Dryopithecus are the ancestors of the African apes and humans. Unlike in Africa, full fossils of primates in Eurasia are not as abundant. The fossils of primates in Eurasia are mostly mandibles, teeth, and partial bone fragments. The first fossil primate found and named was Adapis parisiensis Cuvier 1822. This was a lemur found from the chalk mines of Paris. Cuvier, because of the mistaken belief that human origin came from Africa, thought his find was an ungulate. It was not until after Cuvier’s death that his student, Édouard Lartet, identified this first fossil as a higher primate. The Adapis parisiensis is now know as Pliopithecus. The Pliopithecus is a jaw. This and other evidence has convinced the skeptical scholars that these higher primates had once lived in Europe. The first fossil great ape, Dryopithecus, from the French Pyrà ©nà ©es was discovered in 1872. Many more ape jaws and teeth fragments, along with a few limb bones were found all over Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. These fossils suggest that two Euras ian ape lineages, the Siyapithecus and the Dryopithecus, are the ancestors of great apes and humans. A primitive ape and great ape’s differences began with their body size. A primitive ape is smaller than a great ape. A primitive ape had a body shaped like a monkey. This allowed treetop traveling, using all four limbs. With a long lower back, a flexible back, and a deep rib cage, treetop traveling was easy. Power and speed was enabled by flexible elbow, shoulder, and hip joints. These joints kept the limbs under the body. The arms and legs on a primitive ape were the same size. On the other hand, great apes were built to hang and swing from branch to branch. The

ART HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ART HISTORY - Essay Example It stands in a low sculpture that looks like an uneven terrain that is in a rectangular base (Hemingway 22). Eusebio Francisco Kino was dedicated in the year 1988 in honor of the Father Eusebio of Italy. He had traveled in 1645 to Americas as a missionary where prior to his death he traveled to Pimera and established 17 missions. This statue has three copies in the world. The Padre Kinos presence in the statute in Campbell carries dignity and craftsmanship that captures every wrinkle and muscle. Its 25 foot cast concrete bronze statute done by Julian Martinez in the year 1988. It is located in the drab corner surrounded by traffic and fulfills the promise of ADOTS in bringing public art to the town (Hemingway 11). Tucson town is full of contradictions. The Pancho Villa has been very controversial for nearly 3o years. The statute has already undergone three lawsuits which it has survived which were aimed at erecting it.The city has defended the statute where it has paid almost $2,000 for a sculptor to do some touch ups in the year 2006. This shows that the sculpture of the Pancho Villa does not get support from the local administration where it has outlived its usefulness. The cost of maintaining the sculpture is also high and needs to be replaced. The Villa has lost its purpose to serve as a political tool for the Villa future legacy in Mexico. It has provided many intense arguments due to issues of cultural diversity and politics. It is seen as the Robin Hood for the poor. The Kino and Villa statutes are no longer effective in their purpose of history resemblance and create a variety of cultural differences and, therefore, there is a need to replace them with new statutes in Tucson town. There are people in the world studying the history of Mexico and would like to see the cultural art used to describe the famous missionaries like Padre Kino. Therefore, the city experiences tourists from across the globe that come to

Oedipus, The King And Allegory Of The Cave - Comparative Analysis Essa

In Sophocles’ play, Oedipus, the King, there are various instances where Oedipus tries to escape his destiny—enlightenment—only to discover the truth that he cannot. Similarly, in Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† the prisoner travails to understand and adjust to his newly visited environment. In both works, the men first had to realize their ignorance before they could begin to acquire knowledge and true understanding of the complexities of the human condition. Specifically, in Oedipus, the King, it was Oedipus’ illusion of himself as a man unequaled in leadership whereas in â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† it was the prisoner’s initial refutations of enlightenment being shown him until he realizes its intellectual, spiritual, and social significance. In both articles of literature, there are places where their ignorance and eventual achievement of enlightenment is highlighted. In Oedipus, the King it is when he is accusing Creon of conspiring against him, calling him a â€Å"murderer† and supposedly having exposed him as a â€Å"robber attempting to steal†¦[his] throne.† Here, he does not yet realize that not only has not Creon attempted to overthrow him, but also that he is not the man who has already figured everything out about humanity as he thinks. He later does, fortunately, discover that he was not the true ill-fated man who never learned anything because he knew everything too soon. He discovers, after piercing out his eyes, that he has finally ar-rived at the truth of his life and that ...

Pacific Oil Company Failed Negotiation

Richard Paguirigan National University/Law 402 Professor Hamlin January 22, 2012 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Fontaine's and Gaudin's negotiating strategy in their deliberations with Reliant Chemical Company. Fontaine and Gaudin started off with a competitive strategy, wherein the outcome of the negotiation was more important than the relationship. This is evidenced by the fact that the market for VCM would be oversupplied in a few years due to the building of new chemical plants and a drop in demand. Pacific only needed to secure an extension from Reliant to enable them to maintain operations for just a while longer or until they could come up with a new business strategy for the future. There is nothing to suggest that Pacific had any incentive to maintain a relationship with Reliant after that time. Although Pacific was considering becoming a producer of PVC products in order to minimize its dependence on external sales, no firm decision had yet been made so Pacific’s possible survival was still up in the air. Fontaine and Gaudin were aware that they had less than a three year window in which to extend the contract. They also knew that Reliant was probably aware that the market was going soft. Although Fontaine and Gaudin began their efforts with a sense of urgency to extend the contract with Reliant, they came into negotiation not having really developed their strategy and how they would attack it. They were unprepared for the issues that Reliant brought up and were essentially on the defensive throughout. The sense of urgency that exhibited coming into the negotiations was undermined by their failure to set time limits or deadlines. They were fair game for â€Å"entrapment† by the Reliant since they really had no information about Reliant’s situation and therefore could not counter or reverse the attack. Although Competitive Strategy was the intent, poor planning and unanticipated problems along the way caused their strategy to get flipped around and they succumbed to utilizing an Accommodating strategy (lose to win) in the end. Strengths: â€Å"The accommodating strategy may be used to encourage a more interdependent relationship, to increase support and assistance from the other, or even cool off hostile feelings if there is tension in the relationship. If the relationship is ongoing, then it may be particularly appropriate to â€Å"back down† now, to keep communication lines open and not pressure the opponent to give in on something that they do not want to discuss (Lewicki 18)†. Weaknesses: In most cases, this is a short-term strategy used with the expectation that accommodation now will create an opportunity to achieve outcome goals in the future. This strategy should only be used when the outcome is not very important or if the primary objective is to improve the relationship. Unfortunately, for Pacific the outcome was important though the relationship wasn’t. 2. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Hauptman's and Zinnser's negotiating strategy. Hauptman and Zinnser utilized Competitive Strategy (win to lose). Unlike Pacific, Reliant had done its research and was fully aware of Pacific’s situation and the market dynamics going on at the time and, presumably well into the future. They had a plan, developed a strategy and used it to their advantage. Essentially, Reliant had been given no incentive by Pacific to extend the contract. They had done their research, and armed with the knowledge gleaned and now aware as to the reasons why Pacific was so eager to extend the contract, they took the opportunity to gain the upper hand. Since Pacific never imposed any deadlines, they stalled for as long as they could all the while arguing for, and getting a number of concessions along the way. They were never on the defensive at any time since Pacific had nothing on them. They were in a favorable position to â€Å"entrap† Pacific, causing them to change strategies which resulted in failed negotiations. Strengths: The Competitive strategy is effective in getting the other party to give in, and thus to satisfy the competitor’s needs now. Weaknesses:. The outcome of the negotiation is more important than the relationship. It strains and endangers the relationships between the parties. 3. What action should Fontaine take at the end of the case? Fontaine needs to reverse the damage done. Perhaps a collaborative strategy is in order. If Fontaine can convince Reliant that they will get into the PVC business after all and possibly become a PVC products manufacturer, hence a competitive threat, maybe Reliant will then get off their high horse and agree to cooperate for the mutual benefit of everyone. Pacific will need to make some concessions. Price, exclusive contracts or even a non-compete agreement may convince Reliant it would not be worth it to retaliate against Pacific.

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